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Voting Viva Voce | Social LogicSkip to main content. Two mid-nineteenth century cities - Alexandria, Virginia and Newport, Kentucky - shared a common voting arrangement: both states required all votes in all elections to be cast in public by voice (viva voce). The poll books provided an official written record of every voter's spoken declaration. Professor Don DeBats presents and analyses this data on the pages below. Alexandria, Virginia .1850s. Newport, Kentucky .1870s. Rectors and Visitors of the University of Virginia.
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